Tên gọi và phân biệt các loại bánh phương Tây

Người Việt thường hay gọi chung các loại bánh với nguyên liệu chính là bột mì và nướng trong lò nướng với những danh từ chung như bánh ngọt, bánh Âu. Các loại bánh ngọt ngày nay có nguồn gốc từ phương Tây, cụ thể là cả vùng châu Âu sau đó sang Mỹ, chứ ko phải như nhiều người lầm tưởng Pháp là cái nôi bắt nguồn các sản phẩm bánh mì bánh ngọt. Nếu "truy tìm" nguồn gốc một cách chi li thì phải kể đến công lao của những người Ai Cập và Hy Lạp cổ đã phát minh ra lò nướng, và hàng thế kỉ sau, đó là công lao của tổ tiên người Rome.

Trong bài viết này mình cũng không định tìm hiểu sâu xa gì về khía cạnh nguồn gốc lịch sử (vốn dốt sử và chưa đọc được nhiều tài liệu), mà chỉ dám khiêm tốn đưa ra những cách phân biệt cơ bản về tên gọi các loại bánh Âu Mỹ vốn càng ngày càng hấp dẫn với nhiều người Việt muốn được ăn thử và làm thử. Mình cũng chỉ có thể nhắc đến tên gọi chung của các loại bánh quen thuộc, còn tên gọi riêng thì có rất rất nhiều mình cũng không thể biết được hết.
Tất cả các sản phẩm liên quan đến việc sử dụng bột, trứng, chất béo và nướng lên được gọi chung là PASTRY. Vì thế, người đầu bếp chuyên phụ trách việc làm ra những sản phẩm này được gọi là Pastry Chef. Từ "cake" mà người Việt hay gọi là "bánh ngọt" chỉ là 1 mảng rất hẹp trong Pastry mà thôi.

1. Bread – Bánh mì
Phân biệt 2 loại:
- Bánh mì thường: (lean yeast bread) thành phần chỉ có bột và nước, có thể có dùng men hoặc không dùng men, vì thế có loại bánh mì cần qua quá trình ủ nở lên men và có loại không qua quá trình này.
- Bánh mì "ngọt": (rich yeast bread) từ "ngọt" được dịch khá phiến diện, đây là những loại bánh mì ngoài bột, nước, men, có sử dụng thêm các thành phần khác như đường, chất béo, sữa, bột sữa, vì thế bánh mì có thêm nhiều mùi vị thơm ngon và kết cấu khác với bánh mì thường.
2. Quick bread – Bánh mì nhanh
- Đây là tên gọi chung cho các loại bánh-dạng-bánh-mì nhưng không qua công đoạn ủ và lên men tự nhiên (khoảng vài tiếng) mà dùng các chất hóa học gây tác dụng nở nhanh, vì thế làm rất nhanh. Quick bread cũng thường có kết cấu mềm hơn và "rich" hơn, không có được độ dai như với bánh mì nở bằng men tự nhiên.
- Quick breads bao gồm các loại bánh với tên gọi như: muffins, scones, loaf bread, coffee cakes.
+ Muffins: có dạng giống chiếc bánh nhỏ hình cốc, có thể được để trong cốc giấy hoặc không cần. Muffins ngọt hoặc mặn đều có.
+ Scone: dạng hình nón, hình tam giác bẹt.
+ Loaf: hình khối chữ nhật
+ Coffee cake: làm với khuôn tròn, vuông, chữ nhật, vv..
3. Bánh không dùng lò nướng:
Đây là những loại bánh dùng phương pháp rán bằng chất béo. Các loại phổ biến:
- Doughnuts (donut): bánh ngọt có hình bánh xe tròn, làm chín bằng cách rán ngập dầu.
- Pancake: bánh rán chảo làm chín bằng cách quét lớp dầu/bơ mỏng lên mặt chảo, bánh dẹt, mỏng.
- Crepe: gần giống như pancake nhưng được tráng mỏng hơn rất nhiều.
- Waffles: bánh có dạng mỏng, dẹt và thường làm vào khuôn riêng.

- Fritters: bánh có vị ngọt và mặn tùy nguyên liệu sử dụng, không có hình dạng cố định, làm chín bằng rán ngập dầu.
4. Pie và tart:
Hai loại bánh này dễ bị nhầm lẫn với nhau.
- Pie: bánh vỏ kín có chứa nhân bên trong, tất cả gọi chung là vỏ pie. Bột cho vỏ pie được chia làm 2 phần, 1 phần cán mỏng làm đế, xếp nhân bên trong, rồi phần còn lại cán mỏng phủ lên trên, gắn kín các mép và xiên thủng vài chỗ trên vỏ bề mặt để hơi thoát ra trong quá trình nướng.
- Tart: bánh ko có vỏ, nướng hở phần nhân. Tart là 1 dạng đặc biệt của pie mà ko cần 1 lớp vỏ bọc kín nhân.
Có cả tart và pie ngọt hoặc mặn.
5. Cake (bánh bông lan?)
Tên gọi chung cho các loại bánh ngọt có hàm lượng chất béo và độ ngọt cao nhất trong các sản phẩm bánh nướng lò. Làm bánh dạng cake đòi hỏi nhiều sự chính xác về cân đong nguyên liệu. Cấu trúc bánh thường là mềm, xốp, nhiều hương vị và bánh cake được nướng và trình bày dưới nhiều hình dạng khác nhau.
- Cupcake: là một trong nhiều cách trình bày của cake, bánh dạng nhỏ, đựng trong những chiếc cup giấy xinh xắn.


- Chiffon, angel food, devil food: là dạng bánh bông xốp mềm được tạo thành nhờ việc đánh bông lòng trắng và lòng đỏ riêng biệt. Bánh được nướng trong khuôn tube.
+ Chiffon: dùng dầu ăn làm thành phần chất béo trong bánh. Cả lòng trắng và đỏ đều được sử dụng nhưng tách riêng trong quá trình làm.
+ Angel food: chỉ dùng lòng trắng đánh bông, không có chất béo. Bánh nhẹ và trắng như bông.
+ Devil food: bánh có màu đen chocolate, dùng bơ làm chất béo. Là một dạng bánh dùng bơ (butter cake)
- Pound cake: Bánh có hàm lượng chất béo và đường đều cao, tên gọi để chỉ các nguyên liệu chính đều có khối lượng 1 pound Anh, khoảng 454g. Bánh này thường có kết cấu nặng và đặc hơn bánh dạng bông xốp. Bánh làm trong khuôn loaf hoặc khuôn bundt.
- Cheesecake: thành phần chủ yếu của bánh là cream cheese. Bột được sử dụng rất ít hoặc không sử dụng.
6. Cookies:
Từ cookie có nghĩa là "bánh nhỏ – small cake". Có loại cookie được làm từ hỗn hợp bột khá giống như với cake, nhưng trong phần lớn trường hợp, cookie có hàm lượng nước thấp. Cookie rất đa dạng, có loại mềm, ẩm, khô, giòn, dai, xốp, cứng.
Linhihi/ Ngô Nhà Nhỏ

COALS OF FIRE

by Ivan Maddox
Atlanta, GA

In any culture there are customs, perculiarities and idioms that are completely understood by those who live in the culture, but which can be confusing to those on the outside. In the United States, for instance, a dog is a pet, "dogs" may be a reference to feet, to dog means to worry or harass, a hot dog is a type of sausage (which is NEVER supposed to contain dog meat!), and "hot dogging" is showing off your athletic prowress. We switch back and forth between these totally unrelated meanings with scarcely a thought; but to someone trying to learn our language, these very different meanings for very similar terms can be a major barrier to communication.

Just as there are Americanisms that someone from outside our country must understand if he or she is to understand accurately what we mean by what we say, so also in the Bible there are customs and mannerisms and idioms that must be understood if we are to understand accurately what the scriptures are saying. These are sometimes referred to as Orientalisms, because the culture in which they occur is an oriental one.

George Lamsa, Bishop K. C. Pillai and others have done much to shed light on Eastern customs for those of us who live in the West. But while there is much that can be learned from their works, we must study them with caution. One does not have to look very far to see that there are sometimes very different and conflicting explanations given for the same alleged customs. Also, the Bible narrative covers a period of about 4,000 years. During that time, customs and idioms underwent changes. What applied in one passage of scripture may apply not at all in another. Finally, we must be careful to work all scripture pertaining to a given subject, so that we do not use a custom or idiom to completely change the actual meaning of a passage of scripture.

Let's look at a passage of scripture that looks strange to the Western mind, then let's look at the Oriental custom used to clarify the passage. Finally, let's check that explanation by looking at other scripture on the same subject, to see whether it confirms or conflicts with our conclusions.

In Romans 12 a passage is quoted from Proverbs about how to treat your enemies.

Romans 12:19-20.
12:19 Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.
12:20 Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head.

Proverbs 25:21-22.
25:21 If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink:
25:22 For thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and the LORD shall reward thee.

What does it mean to heap coals of fire upon someone's head? This has been described as a reference to an Oriental custom. A fire in the center of a village was kept going day and night. This fire was used to light the fires in individual homes each day. Every morning a village youth would put a container on his head, and hot coals would be heaped into it. He would then go from house to house distributing the hot coals so that the villagers could start their fires. On cold days this was an enviable job, since the heat from the coals of fire kept the head and hands of the youth warmed. To heap coals of fire on someone's head, then, means to warm him, and, by extension, to bless him.

This sounds like a reasonable explanation, even though some problems become evident when you think about it. On mornings that are not so cold, it seems that this could be a very uncomfortable job. Also, the youth was kept warm as he went about doing good to others. The reference is to someone who is actively doing evil. Still, the explanation seems plausible.

In Psalm 140 we have a very different reference to "coals of fire."

Psalm 140:5-12.
140:5 The proud have hid a snare for me, and cords; they have spread a net by the wayside; they have set gins for me. Selah.
140:6 I said unto the LORD, Thou art my God: hear the voice of my supplications, O LORD.
140:7 O GOD the Lord, the strength of my salvation, thou hast covered my head in the day of battle.
140:8 Grant not, O LORD, the desires of the wicked: further not his wicked device; lest they exalt themselves. Selah.
140:9 As for the head of those that compass me about, let the mischief of their own lips cover them.
140:10 Let burning coals fall upon them: let them be cast into the fire; into deep pits, that they rise not up again.
140:11 Let not an evil speaker be established in the earth: evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him.
140:12 I know that the LORD will maintain the cause of the afflicted, and the right of the poor.

Here again we see hot coals being heaped on someone's head. But these coals are not just hot; they are burning. And they are not heaped on the head in blessing, but in judgment.

This is a prayer to God from an individual who is being attacked by evildoers. His trust is not in his own ability to defend himself, but rather in God, who maintains the cause of the afflicted and who protects the poor.

The point being made here is very similar to the point made in Proverbs 25 and Romans 12: the follower of God is not to avenge himself or herself, but to leave all vengeance to God, who judges rightly and rewards both good and evil at the right time and in the right way. In Psalm 140, the believer is powerless to maintain his own cause. In the other two records, the implication is that the believer has the power to take vengeance, but refrains because it is outside the will of God for him to do so.

The real issue for the believer is character. Jesus pointed this out in the Sermon on the Mount. God wants us to be like Him, and He is constantly doing good to those who are doing evil to Him.

Matthew 5:43-48.
5:43 Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy.
5:44 But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;
5:45 That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.
5:46 For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same?
5:47 And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so?
5:48 Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.

We are to do good to our enemies because that is how God treats His enemies. We are to imitate Him in love. The closest we are ever to come to seeking revenge is doing good for our enemy. By doing this we are putting our full trust in God that He will set things straight.

Proverbs 17 has another warning for the evildoer.

Proverbs 17:13
17:13 Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his house.

This dovetails nicely with what we read in Romans 12. When you do good to those who are doing evil to you, this may cause them to refrain from their evil; but this is not always the case, and this is not what the believer is counting on. We are good to our enemies because we want to be like God, and God is love, even toward those who do not deserve it.

But God takes a very dim view of the practice of rewarding evil to those who have done you only good. He makes it very clear that He Himself will deal with this sin. He has the power, the righteousness and the full knowledge necessary to do what is absolutely right in the situation. He does not need our help in this. He needs for us to do what He told us to do. Then He will do what He has promised to do.

From what we have just seen, it looks like the "coals in the basket" custom is misleading at best when applied to this verse. Looking at other scripture on the subject may, at times, give a better picture of what is meant in a passage of scripture than even studying the customs and idioms. These should not be discarded or ignored, but they must be used with caution, so that we may be sure that they are properly applicable to the passage to which we are trying to apply them.

NHỮNG CỤM TỪ TIẾNG ANH BỎ TÚI

A

Arcording to ...: Theo ...
As far as I know: Theo như tôi được biết


B
Be of my age: Cỡ tuổi tôi
Beat it: Đi chỗ khác chơi
Big mouth: Nhiều chuyện
By the way: À này, Nhân tiện
Be my guest: Tự nhiên
Break it up: Dừng tay
But frankly speaking: Thành thật mà nói


C

Come to think of it: Nghĩ kỹ thì
Can't help it: Không thể nào làm khác hơn
Come on: Thôi mà gắng lên, cố lên
Cool it: Đừng nóng
Come off it: Đừng xạo
Cut it out: Đừng giỡn nữa, ngưng lại

D

Dead End: Đường cùng
Dead meat: Chết chắc
Down and out: Thất bại hoàn toàn
Down the hill: Già
Don't bother: Đừng bận tâm
Don't peep!: Đừng nhìn lén
Do you mind?: Tôi có làm phiền bạn không?
Don't be nosy: Đừng nhiều chuyện
Do as I say: Làm theo tôi

E

F

For better or for worst: Chẳng biết là tốt hay là xấu
For what: Để làm gì?


G

Good for nothing: Vô dụng
Go ahead: Đằng trước
God knows: Trời biết
Go for it: Hãy thử xem


K

Keep out of touch: Đừng đụng đến

H

How's it going?: Dạo này ra sao?
How cute!: Ngộ nghĩnh, dễ thương
Hang in there/ Hang on: Đợi tí, gắng lên
Hold it: Khoan
Help yourself: Tự nhiên
Take it easy: Từ từ


I

I see: Tôi hiểu
it's all the same: Cũng vậy thôi mà
I 'm afraid: Rất tiếc tôi...
It beats me: Tôi chịu (không biết)
I was just thinking: Tôi chỉ nghĩ linh tinh thôi
I was just daydreaming: Tôi chỉ đãng chí chút thôi
Is that so?: Vậy hả?
I guess so: Tôi đoán vậy
I can't say for sure: Tôi không thể nói chắc chắn được



J

Just for fun: Giỡn chơi thôi
Just looking: Chỉ xem chơi thôi
Just kidding / just joking: Nói chơi thôi

L

Last but not least: Sau cùng nhưng không kém phần quan trọng
Little by little: Từng li, từng tý
Let me go: Để tôi đi
Let me be: Kệ tôi
Long time no see: Lâu quá không gặp

M

Make yourself at home: Cứ tự nhiên
Make yourself comfortable: Cứ tự nhiên
My pleasure: Hân hạnh

O

Of course: Dĩ nhiên
Out of order: Hư, hỏng
Out of luck: Không may
Out of question: Không thể được
Out of the blue: Bất ngờ, bất thình lình
Out of touch: Không còn liên lạc
One way or another: Không bằng cách này thì bằng cách khác
One thing lead to another: Hết chuyện này đến chuyện khác
P

Piece of cake: Dễ thôi mà, dễ ợt
Poor thing: Thật tội nghiệp

N

Nothing: Không có gì
Nothing much: Không có gì mới cả
Not at all: Không có gì (Trả lời Khi ai đó cám ơn)
No choice: Hết cách,
No hard feeling: Không giận chứ
Not a chance: Chẳng bao giờ
Now or never: ngay bây giờ hoặc chẳng bao giờ
No way out/ dead end: không lối thoát, cùng đường
No more: Không hơn
No more, no less: Không hơn, không kém
No kidding ?: Không nói chơi chứ ?
Never say never: Đừng bao giờ nói chẳng bao giờ
none of your business: Không phải chuyện của bạn
No way: Còn lâu
No problem: Dễ thôi
No offense: Không phản đối

S

So?: Vậy thì sao?
So So: Thường thôi
So what?: Vậy thì sao?
Stay in touch: Giữ liên lạc
Step by step: Từng bước một
See ?: Thấy chưa?
Sooner or later: Sớm hay muộn
Shut up !: Im Ngay
Speak up: Nói to lên

T

That's all: Có thế thôi, chỉ vậy thôi
Too good to be true: Thiệt khó tin
Too bad: Ráng chiụ
The sooner the better: Càng sớm càng tốt
Take it or leave it: Chịu hay không

Y

You see: Bạn thấy đó
You better believe it: Tốt hơn bạn nên tin nó

W

What for?: Để làm gì?
What's up?: Có chuyện gì vậy?
What a jerk!: Thật đáng ghét
What have you been doing?: Dạo này đang làm gì?
What's on your mind? Bạn đang lo lắng điều gì vậy?
Well?: Sao hả?
Well Then: Như vậy thì
Who knows: Ai biết
Way to go: Khá lắm, được lắm
Why not ?: Tại sao không ?
White lie: Ba xạo

MUSK-FLOWERS - HOA KHỈ

"Mimulus" is also an OpenWetWare community for the Mimulus biology.

"Monkey-flower" and variants redirect here. The term is also used for Common Toadflax and other snapdragon-like Lamiales.

For the crab genus, see Mimulus (crab).

Mimulus
Mimulus lewisii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Phrymaceae Genus: Mimulus Linnaeus
Species
Presently some 150, but see text.
Synonyms
See text

Mimulus (pronounced /ˈmɪmjuːləs/)^[1] is a diverse plant genus, the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers. The about 150 species are currently placed in the family Phrymaceae. The genus has traditionally been placed in Scrophulariaceae. The removal of Mimulus from that family has been supported by studies of chloroplast DNA first published in the mid-1990s^{[citation needed]}. Multiple studies of chloroplast DNA and two regions of nuclear rDNA^[2] suggest that the genera Phryma, Berendtiella, Hemichaena, Leucocarpus, Microcarpeae, Peplidium, Glossostigma, and Elacholoma are all derived from within Mimulus and would need to be rearranged.

It is recognized that there are two large groups of Mimulus species, with the largest group of species in western North America, and a second group with center of diversity in Australia. A few species also extend into eastern North America, eastern Asia and southern Africa. This enlarged group is a part of the newly redefined Phrymaceae.

Characteristics

Most of the species are annuals or herbaceous perennials, but a few species are subshrubs with woody stems; these are treated in the section Diplacus. Diplacus is clearly derived from within Mimulus s.l. and was not usually considered to be generically distinct. Hence, it would not be treated as a genus separate from Mimulus now, though it might become a section of a yet-to-be defined split from Mimulus s.str.. A large number of the species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water. Some species produce copious amounts of aromatic compounds, giving them a musky odor (hence "musk-flowers").

Mimulus are called monkey-flowers because some species have flowers shaped like a monkeys face,^[3] others have painted faces resembling a monkey. The generic name, Latin mimus meaning "mimic actor", from the Greek mimos meaning "imitator" also references this. The stem of a few species of Mimulus can be either smooth or hairy, and this trait is determined by a simple allelic difference^{[verification needed]}. At least M. lewisii is known to possess "flypaper-type" traps and is apparently protocarnivorous, supplementing its nutrients with small insects.

Uses and ecology

Mimulus cv. 'Jack'

In horticulture, several species, cultivars and hybrids are used. Most important are those derived from M. bigelovii stock, a species with large, spread-out flowers. One of the standard Bach flower remedies is derived from Mimulus^{[verification needed]}; some species are also used in folk medicine.

Several taxa, namely the yellow monkey-flowers (M. guttatus and relatives) and the section Erythranthe (including e.g. M. lewisii, M. cardinalis and M. parishii) are model organisms for research in ecology, genetics and genomics. The genome sequence of Mimulus guttatus was released in late spring, 2007.

Mimulus is used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, e.g. the Mouse Moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis). For a list of Mimulus pathogens, see List of mimulus, monkey-flower diseases.

Edibility and medicinal uses

Mimulus species tend to concentrate sodium chloride and other salts absorbed from the soils in which they grow in their leaves and stem tissues. Native Americans and early travelers in the American West used this plant as a salt substitute to flavor wild game. The entire plant is edible, but reported to be very salty and bitter unless well cooked. The juice squeezed from the plant's foliage was used as a soothing poultice for minor burns and skin irritations. ^[4]

Selected species of Mimulus senso lato

Wild Mimulus bigelovii near Las Vegas, Nevada

Wide-throated Yellow Monkey-flower
Mimulus brevipes

Yellow Monkey-flower
Mimulus luteus

Downy Mimetanthe
Mimulus pilosus

• Mimulus alatus – Sharpwing Monkey-flower
• Mimulus alsinoides – Chickweed Monkey-flower
• Mimulus aridus
• Mimulus aurantiacus – Orange Bush Monkey-flower, Sticky Monkey-flower
• Mimulus bigelovii
• Mimulus breviflorus – Shortflower Monkey-flower
• Mimulus brevipes – Wide-throated Yellow Monkey-flower
• Mimulus breweri – Brewer's Monkey-flower
• Mimulus cardinalis – Scarlet Monkey-flower
• Mimulus clementii – named after Emile Clement
• Mimulus cupreus
• Mimulus debilis F.Muell.
• Mimulus dentatus – Toothleaf Monkey-flower
• Mimulus douglasii – Purple mouse ears, brownies
• Mimulus filicaulis – Slender-stemmed Monkey-flower
• Mimulus floribundus – Floriferous Monkey-flower
• Mimulus fremontii
• Mimulus glabratus – Roundleaf Monkey-flower
• Mimulus glaucescens
• Mimulus glutinosus – Pink Monkey-flower, Hard-wooded Mimulus
• Mimulus gracilis R.Br.
• Mimulus guttatus – Common Large Monkey-flower, Common Monkey-flower, Stream Monkey-flower, Seep Monkey-flower
• Mimulus laciniatus
• Mimulus lewisii – Great Purple Monkey-flower, Lewis' Monkey-flower
• Mimulus longiflorus – Southern Bush Monkey-flower syn. Diplacus longiflorus
• Mimulus luteus – Yellow Monkey-flower, Blood-drop-emlets, Monkey Musk
• Mimulus micranthus
• Mimulus moschatus – Musk-flower
• Mimulus nudatus
• Mimulus nasutus
• Mimulus palmeri
• Mimulus parishii
• Mimulus pilosus – Downy Mimetanthe
• Mimulus primuloides
• Mimulus puniceus – Red Bush Monkey-flower syn. Diplacus puniceus
• Mimulus repens R.Br.
• Mimulus ringens – Allegheny Monkey-flower, Square-stemmed Monkey-flower
• Mimulus roseus – Rosy Monkey-flower
• Mimulus rupicola – Death Valley Monkey-flower
• Mimulus shevockii – Kelso Creek Monkey-flower
• Mimulus stellatus
• Mimulus tilingii – Large Mountain Monkey-flower, Subalpine Monkey-flower
• Mimulus variegatus

See also

• Mimbulus mimbletonia, a fictional plant in Harry Potter

PUTTY ROOT - LAN ADAM-VÀ-EVE

Also called: Adam & Eve Root Botanical: Aplectrum hyemale Description: A native wild orchid that has a lone leaf that endures all winter. This leaf can be up to 10" long and 3" wide with striking silver veins. In the spring, the leaf vanishes and a thin stem of green purple flowers appears. Habitat: Native woodland plant of North America that can be found in the shade of rich moist woods.
The name "putty root" comes from the fact that Indians used the sticky matter retrieved from crushing the bulb of the plant. This was used in the same manner as glue, to mend pottery and other objects together. "Adam & Eve" comes from the growth habit of the bulbs. As the flower and leaf grow from the year's growth, referred to as "Eve", last year's bulb, called Adam, is still present. One way of propagating the plant is to cut Adam away from Eve and replant him. This is one of the easier orchids to grow from seed. Pour boiling water over a pot of soil to sterilize it, let it cool and sprinkle the seeds over the soil. Then cover with a dusting of fine granite grit to prevent slugs from eating your seedlings, and set it outside and let nature take its course. The seeds will usually germinate the following spring and before long you will have a settlement of plants that will be sure to receive comment. If you're foraging for wild "putty root" it would be best to search during the autumn and winter, especially when there is a light coating of snow on the ground. The plants are much easier to find then. They grow in small colonies, with only a few plants flowering in a season.
What the Ancestors Knew: The Catawba used this root as a pain killer. The roots were boiled, pounded and powdered, then used for boils and head pains. A dressing of the beaten roots was applied to boils. The Cherokee give this to endow children with the gift of expression and to make them fat. Adam and Eve; Putty-root (Aplectrum spicatum) Orchid family (A. hyemale of Gray) Flowers—Dingy yellowish brown and purplish, about 1 in. long, each on a short pedicel, in a few-flowered, loose, bracted raceme 2 to 4 in. long. No spur ; sepals and petals similar, small and narrow, the lip wavy-edged. Scape : 1 to 2 ft. high, smooth, with about 3 sheathing scales. Leaf : Solitary, rising from the corm in autumn, elliptic, broad, plaited-nerved, 4 to 6 in. long. Root : A corm usually attached to one of the preceding season. Preferred Habitat—Moist woods or swamps. Flowering Season—May—June. Distribution—Georgia, Missouri, and California northward, into British Possessions. More curious than beautiful is this small orchid whose dingy flowers of indefinite color and without spurs interest us far less than the two corms barely hidden below ground. These singular solid bulbs, about an inch thick, are connected by a slender stalk, suggesting to the imaginative person who named the plant our first parents standing hand in hand in the Garden of Eden. But usually several old corms—not always two, by any means —remain attached to the nearest one, a bulb being produced each year until Cain and Abel often join Adam and Eve to make up quite a family group. A strong, glutinous matter within the corms has been used as a cement, hence the plant's other popular name. From the newest bulb added, a solitary large leaf arises in late summer or autumn, to remain all winter. The flower stalk comes up at one side of it the following spring. Meantime the old corms retain their life, apparently to help nourish the young one still joined to them, while its system is taxed with flowering.

COLUMBINES

Tên columbine có là do ngươì ta tưởng tượng cái vòng 5 cánh hoa trắng ở giữa hoa là 5 con chim bồ câu nhỏ (doves) chụm đầu hút mật trong nhụy hoa .

Columbines
Aquilegia sibirica fruit (left), flower (right) and leaves (bottom)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida (unranked): Eudicots Order: Ranunculales Family: Ranunculaceae Subfamily: Thalictroideae Genus: Aquilegia L.
Species
60-70, see text

Aquilegia (pronounced /ˌækwɨˈliːdʒiə/)^[1] is a genus of about 60-70 species of columbines, herbaceous perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere. They are known for their distinctive flowers, generally bell-shaped, with each petal modified into an elongated nectar spur. Its fruit takes the form of a follicle.^[2] Columbine is derived from the latin word for Dove.

Columbines are closely related to plants in the genera Actaea (baneberries) and Aconitum (wolfbanes/monkhoods), which like Aquilegia produce cardiogenic toxins.^[3]

They are used as food plants by some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) caterpillars. These are mainly of noctuid moths – noted for feeding on many poisonous plants without harm – like Cabbage Moth (Mamestra brassicae), Dot Moth (Melanchra persicariae) and Mouse Moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis). The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia), a geometer moth, also uses columbine as larval foodplant.

Use by humans

File:Aquilagia columbine magpie cultivar 2.jpg

Columbine cultivar 'Magpie'

Double-flowered Aquilegia × hybrida

Several species are grown in gardens, including the European Columbine (A. vulgaris), a traditional garden flower in many parts of the world^[4]. Numerous cultivars and hybrids have also been developed as well. They are easy to propagate from seed.

The flowers of various species of Aquilegia were consumed in moderation by Native Americans as a condiment with other fresh greens, and are reported to be very sweet, and safe if consumed in small quantities. The plant's seeds and roots are highly poisonous however, and contain cardiogenic toxins which cause both severe gastroenteritis and heart palpitations if consumed as food. Native Americans used very small amounts of Aquilegia root as an effective treatment for ulcers. However, the medical use of this plant is better avoided due to its high toxicity; columbine poisonings may be fatal.^[3]

The Colorado Blue Columbine (A. caerulea) is the official state flower of Colorado (see also Columbine, Colorado).

Also, columbines have been important in the study of evolution. It was found that Sierra Columbine (A. pubescens) and Crimson Columbine (A. formosa) each have specifically-adapted pollinators, with hawkmoths that can pollinate one species while usually failing to pollinate the other. Such a "pollination syndrome", being due to flower genetics, ensures reproductive isolation and can be a cause underlying speciation.^[5]

Cultivation

Large numbers of hybrids are now available for the garden, since the British A vulgaris was joined by other European and N American varieties. ^[6] Aquilegia species are very interfertile, and will self sow. ^[7]

Selected species

Columbine species include:^[8]

Aquilegia alpina

Dark Columbine, Aquilegia atrata

Fan Columbine, Aquilegia flabellata

Fragrant Columbine, Aquilegia fragrans

Aquilegia × maruyamana

Pyrenean Columbine, Aquilegia pyrenaica

• Aquilegia alpina L.
• Aquilegia atrata W.D.J.Koch – Dark Columbine
• Aquilegia atrovinosa
• Aquilegia aurea Janka
• Aquilegia barbaricina – Barbaricina Colombine (doubtfully valid)
• Aquilegia barnebyi – Oil Shale Columbine
• Aquilegia bernardii Gren. & Godr.
• Aquilegia bertolonii Schott
• Aquilegia blecicii Podobnik (doubtfully valid)
• Aquilegia brevistyla – Smallflower Columbine
• Aquilegia buergeriana
• Aquilegia caerulea – Colorado Blue Columbine
• Aquilegia canadensis – Canadian Columbine, Wild Columbine, "red columbine"
• Aquilegia champagnatii Moraldo, E.Nardi & la Valva (doubtfully valid)
• Aquilegia chrysantha – Golden Columbine
• Aquilegia desertorum – Desert Columbine
• Aquilegia desolatica – Desolation Columbine
• Aquilegia dinarica Beck
• Aquilegia ecalcarata
• Aquilegia einseleana F.W.Schultz
• Aquilegia elegantula – Western Red Columbine
• Aquilegia eximia – Van Houtte's Columbine
• Aquilegia flabellata – Fan Columbine, wodamakinari (Japanese) (including A. akitensis)
• Aquilegia flavescens – Yellow Columbine
• Aquilegia fragrans Benth. – Fragrant Columbine
• Aquilegia formosa – Crimson Columbine, Western Columbine, "red columbine"
• Aquilegia glandulosa
• Aquilegia grahamii – Graham's Columbine
• Aquilegia grata
• Aquilegia × hybrida
• Aquilegia incurvata
• Aquilegia japonica
• Aquilegia jonesii – Jones' Columbine
• Aquilegia karatavica
• Aquilegia karelini
• Aquilegia kitaibelii Schott
• Aquilegia lactiflora
• Aquilegia laramiensis – Laramie Columbine
• Aquilegia litardierei Briq.
• Aquilegia longissima – Longspur Columbine
• Aquilegia loriae – Lori's Columbine
• Aquilegia magellensis F.Conti & Soldano – Magella Columbine
• Aquilegia × maruyamana
• Aquilegia micrantha – Mancos Columbine
• Aquilegia moorcroftiana
• Aquilegia nigricans Baumg.
• Aquilegia nugorensis Arrigoni & E.Nardi (doubtfully valid)
• Aquilegia nuragica – Nuragica Columbine
• Aquilegia olympica
• Aquilegia ottonis Orph. ex Boiss.
• Aquilegia oxysepala
• Aquilegia pancicii Degen
• Aquilegia parviflora
• Aquilegia pubescens – Sierra Columbine, Coville's Columbine, "yellow columbine"
• Aquilegia pubiflora
• Aquilegia pyrenaica DC. – Pyrenean Columbine
• Aquilegia rockii
• Aquilegia saximontana – Rocky Mountain Columbine
• Aquilegia scopulorum – Blue Columbine, Utah Columbine
• Aquilegia shockleyi – Desert Columbine
• Aquilegia sibirica
• Aquilegia thalictrifolia Schott & Kotschy
• Aquilegia transsilvanica Schur
• Aquilegia triternata – Chiricahua Mountain Columbine
• Aquilegia turczaninovii
• Aquilegia viridiflora
• Aquilegia viscosa Gouan
• Aquilegia vitalii
• Aquilegia vulgaris – Common Columbine, European Columbine, Granny's Nightcap
• Aquilegia yabeana